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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It is still healthier than was expected. The country is searching for a new way of developing. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend emerging. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making block printing art styles, as well as a written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and senior officials came from the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and often required them to join the army or work on projects of the government, like building fortifications. Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the close of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. click the following article included elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and they must be obeyed and respected by all people, even their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes that were created by the mouth while pronouncing. This significantly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was the first to be recorded. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and constructed from single large stones are widespread throughout the country. Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all but its dynasty dissolved with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system seek to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by inflating fears about potential job losses. Analysts and academics are divided over the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution: democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a similar number of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced types of life. In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities. A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that hold seminars and present talks to schoolchildren and other community groups. Evolution in South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other musical instruments. Korea's new development paradigm is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo. However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.